Discuss the role of marketing and the marketing department of tesco to Essay

Discuss the role of marketing and the marketing department of tesco to illustarte the points you make - Essay Example marketing department has to either seek new territories or new products or, most importantly, create new demand within an established market. Innovative ideas and affirmative action can generate new demand even for existing products. Initiatives like consumer loan schemes in association with banks, discounts, incentives, gift schemes, limited time offers and targeted promotion are the forte of marketing departments. Thus marketing plays a crucial role in any organisation. The famous four Ps (product-price-packaging-promotion) together with distribution and service form the tools of a marketing department. For successful marketing, it is necessary to understand the customer preferences for products, distribution logistics and strengths of competition. Customer preferences depend upon price, packaging and promotion. In all these matters, the marketing department has a vital role as it acts as the communication bridge between the customers’ preferences and the company. It also constantly monitors distributor / retailer activity, their inputs regarding customers feedback on product quality, price and attractiveness. While these activities keep the marketing department on its toes all the time, there is the ever-present threat of newer products and newer players entering the market, taking away customers on the one hand and the demands of management for improved performance on the other. Within the allotted budget, marketing department has to maint ain the existing market share and take actions for garnering new customers or entering new territories. These activities form the ‘challenging role’ for any marketing department. ‘Customer is the king’ is the marketing mantra and the efficiency with which he is serviced will determine an organisation’s success or failure. offering a basic product with variations in features, quality and packaging in order to service different customer segments. Obviously, this is intricately related to

Extreme tourism and Antarctica Essay Example for Free

Extreme tourism and Antarctica Essay What is Extreme Tourism? Extreme tourism is an offshoot of mainstream tourism that involves the tourist going to areas with a hazardous landscape combined with a dangerous climate or remote areas that are either sparsely populated or not populated at all. More and more people are taking part in activities like rock climbing, white-water rafting, paragliding and more. Who Takes Part? More often than not, the typical adventure tourist will be 30 years old, unmarried person and have no children. Due to the expensive nature of these holidays, those taking part will most likely be in high power jobs, which would allow them to earn a high income. Most people will come in small groups but there are a few wealthy individuals who go by themselves. As very few people go on these types of holidays, the sector will never be as large as other tourism sectors like eco-tourism. What are the Attractions? The most popular areas for extreme tourism are Peru, Chile, Argentina, Azerbaijan and Pakistan. These areas boast difficult landscapes, hard climates and even unstable political situations. A notable example of this would be the mountainous regions of north Pakistan. They are often described as some of the most difficult landscapes in the world and, as mentioned earlier, some feel that the risky political situation (as it is near an Al Qaeda base) adds an extra thrill. Other more mainstream attractions include desert trekking, canoeing in areas like the Amazon and hiking in the Himalayas. Antarctica: What Activities are there? Most of the activities available in Antarctica are based around the unique climate and wildlife present there. The activities vary from sporting activities such as skiing and hiking expeditions, to viewing the native wildlife like whales and penguins. Activities like living with the Emperor Penguins are very popular among tourists as you arent required to be very physically fit and it can be very touching to be around them. Other activities like skiing across large distances or hiking up mountains like Mount Vincent are a lot more demanding physically and as such fewer people go on these expeditions, yet they are still quite popular due to the thrill achieved by taking part in these dangerous activities. How has the Number of Tourists going to Antarctica Changed? Tourism in the Antarctic regions started in the late 1950’s (approximately 1958), half a century after Amundsen and his team first arrived at the South Pole. At this time the numbers of people visiting the area were very low, a stark contrast with the numbers of tourists arriving today which is somewhere around 28,000 people per year. The number of people visiting is only expected to go up as more activities are made and marketing of the area increases. What are the Impacts of Tourism? While those in charge of the tours do their best to ensure that any impacts caused by the tourists are minimal or dont even happen, it is nigh impossible for them to remove the risk altogether. As a result, there are impacts caused by the tourists and the extent of some of them can be quite considerate. The most obvious impact brought on by tourists is the disturbance of the native wildlife such as the emperor penguins. Human interaction with these animals can cause major effects such as a change in migration patterns leading to further effects in the ecosystem as a whole. Impacts can come in other means as well. The sinking of the MS Explorer showed that access to the area needed to be restricted and lead to fuel spilling in the water, doing untold damage to the marine life. How have the Impacts been managed? All tour operators, of which there are more than 100, are members of the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) and are urged to be environmentally friendly in their practices and are asked to convince tourists to be as well. In order to preserve more delicate areas, there are certain Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI’s) which tourists are not allowed to visit so that the wildlife and inhabitants are protected. Anyone wishing to take part in activities on the island must have a permit and are banned from leaving any waste/litter behind and being closer than 5m to an animal. Any ships going to the area is limited in the amount of passengers it can have (500 max of which only 100 can disembark at once).

Battle of vicksburg :: essays research papers

By 1863, the Confederate hold on the Mississippi River was limited to Vicksburg and Port Hudson– both strong bastions– difficult to overcome. In a daring move, U.S. Grant, commanding the Union forces, sent his troops past Vicksburg and landed to the south of the city. Grant's troops then defeated Confederate forces in five separate engagements. After a 6 week seige, Confederate forces surrendered. To the Confederates Vicksburg was there "Gibraltar of the West", it together with Port Hudson were the only two points that the South held on the Mississippi. Grant had tried a number of round-about approaches to Vicksburg including the building of a by pass canal, as well various routes through the bayous. Finally, Grant decided on the direct approach. He sent his army south of Vicksburg on the opposite side of the river. Then he sent his gunboats and a number of transports south passed the guns of Vickburg to ferry the troops across the mile wide Mississippi. On April 16th three transports and eight gunboats traversed the guns of Vicksburg. Despite the fact that defenders of Vicksburg fired 525 rounds at them, they succeeded in making it past the guns with the lose of only one transport. A few days later additional boats followed. To confuse the confederate defenders commanded by General Pemberston, Grant sent Union cavalry men under the command of Benjamin Grierson to raid the Confederate interior. His raid was highly successful. He successfully crossed the state of Mississippi, destroying railroads and other materials, while avoiding his pursuers. The great success of the raid was however, in forcing Pemberston to detach troops to follow him. Grant also detached a division of Sherman troops to feint an attack North of the city. This causes Pemberston to send troops guarding the Southern approaches to the North. Thus when Grant crossed with all of his forces he was not opposed. Once across instead of attacking Vicksburg, Grant moved eastward towards Jackson the state capital. There, Confederate General Johnson was putting together a forces to oppose Grant. Grant's forces quickly overwhelmed the confederates in Jackson. In four additional battles Grants forces totally decimated Confederate forces. After defeating all of the field armies that he faced, Grant then attacked Vicksburg itself on May 19th.

Staying Informed: Old News

There was a time when news information was disseminated by a select few who had access to the relevant reports, files, and statistics.   When this was the case, the world gathered around a radio, shared a newspaper, or turned on the television—one that had fewer than ten channels).   This â€Å"news† was often like a leftover meal in terms of value: by the time it was released, the world had moved forward, and something new was hot. Progress was made, and television news programs began to delve deeper into stories; reporters suddenly began delivering â€Å"breaking† news reports, and the information was at least lukewarm when the public got its hands it.   It was the era of reporters like Paul Harvey who took what the world knew, dug more deeply, and presented â€Å"the rest of the story† (Radio Legend Paul Harvey Biography, 2003). Today, a cell phone can alert its owner of breaking news stories from around the world; reporters deliver broadcasts live from battlefields; and the internet has made it possible to receive information almost instantly.   Most consumers now get their news online, via one of hundreds of television channels, or through a variety of print media.   Unfortunately, the days of print media and even local reporting seem to be dying, and while their loss may not even create a ripple, what they have to offer the consumer is irreplaceable. It is true that the average printed report cannot provide the live-action, emotionally packed footage of a series of photographs or a streaming video, but words do matter, and while one’s brain struggles to capture the intricacies of backgrounds, sounds, and images that flash in front of the eyes in photographs and videos, the thought-process of the viewer is overwhelmed by the visual imagery. MSNBC online featured a written report and a series of videos and slide shows on October 16, 2006 that captured the story surrounding the earthquake in Hawaii the previous day. When compared, the headline video and headline print report reveal some very interesting trends in the ways in which the news is disseminated. The headlining video report â€Å"Powerful Earthquakes Shake Hawaii† is two and one-half minutes long and features a variety of images that show damage to a local woman’s home, the picture of a landslide caught by a photographer, various tourists being inconvenienced, file footage of volcanic eruption, the Hawaiian coastline, people buying gas, and shoppers at a grocery store. These pictures are accompanied by interview sound bites or voiced-over by reporter Howard Dashefsky, but the entire report is devoid of real information.   What might one expect as the aftermath of an earthquake on a populated island that is also a tourist attraction?   If I had guessed at the â€Å"aftermath,† I would have imagined almost everything I saw in Dashefsky’s report.   Although the images were fascinating and even engaging at times, I left the report with virtually no residual caring and no remnant thoughts: nothing of value had been added to my brain. The headline print report begins with â€Å"officials fanned out across Hawaii early Monday to inspect bridges and roads following the strongest earthquake to rattle the islands in more than two decades, a 6.6-magnitude quake that caused blackouts and landslides, but no immediate reports of fatalities† (Associated Press).   In the opening paragraph of the print report, I found out what happened; I felt sorrow and relief; and I was driven to consider the after-effects of the earthquake in ways not even broached by the video report.   It took me less than one minute to read the print report, but in that minute I learned about what had happened, where it had happened, that no tsunami was expected, what was being done, what would be done—the list is almost endless. Those who watch the video report will stand around water coolers discussing benign elements of the event.   The will recall the semi-ravaged home of one resident and the fight to get gas and groceries; moreover, they will congratulate themselves on not having wasted their own money on a spoiled Hawaiian vacation.   This is the kind of thinking that is being fostered in the United States: superficial, image-based, self-centered, and desensitized. Those who take (less) time to actually read about the earthquake will stand around the water cooler discussing factual details.   They will likely be amazed by the good fortune of such a historically large earthquake resulting in no fatalities; they will wonder if the roads and bridges where they live would be damaged after such an event; they may ponder how long the state of disaster will remain in effect; they will think about how happy they are not to be there on vacation, but it will most likely not be the first thing on which they comment.   This is the kind of thinker that is in danger of dying in the United States: one who craves facts and the chance to critique them while expanding his/her knowledge base. The ability to receive immediate information is a boon to the news consumer; however, the availability of instant images, facts, and reports must be combined with words that are as stimulating, powerful, and informative as the visual clues—or a numbing of the mind and the senses is bound to occur.   Reports that are piping hot can be delivered to the public as a combination of the best of what can be seen, what can be heard, and what can be read.   Like a dinner filled with the necessary food groups, communication needs to combine its sources and resources for the most palatable and healthiest results. References Associated Press, The.   (October 16, 2006).   Hawaii checks bridges, roads after quake: Landslides and power outages but no reports of deaths.   MSNBC.   Retrieved October 16, 2006, from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15286294/. Dashefsky, H.   (October 16, 2006).   Powerful earthquakes shake Hawaii.   MSNBC Video.   Retrieved October 16, 2006, from http://video.msn.com. Radio Legend Paul Harvey Biography.   (2003).   Paul Harvey: The Voice of the New Millennium.   paulharvey.com: ABC Radio Networks.   Retrieved October 16, 2006, from http://www.paulharvey.com/bio.shtml.

Altruism in Society Essay

The great rhetorician, Aristotle, proposed that the persuasiveness of any argument is based on three elements: ethos—the credibility of the speaker, logos—the strength of the argument, and pathos—the communicator’s ability to emotionally move an audience (O’Quinn, 2009). The ethos of an argument is established by the speaker conveying trustworthiness, expertise in the subject, and an appropriate tone towards the audience. The element of logos is concerned with the logical power of the argument and the strategy utilized to present the argument. Lastly, pathos is the way in which the argument is presented. A persuasive argument should use vivid yet simple language, be applicable to the audience, and cite credible facts. Furthermore, Aristotle’s rhetorical elements are closely mirrored by Myers’ (2008) primary ingredients of persuasion: 1) the communicator; 2) the message; 3) how the message is communicated; 4) the audience. In our campaign to bring awareness of the human rights violation of human trafficking, we have sought to utilize both the elements of logos and pathos to convey the seriousness of the situation. The logical power of the argument is built upon the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 and 2003 (TVPA), which stipulates that induced commercial sex, labor, or services is punishable under the law and victims of said induced acts are eligible for government benefits (Human Trafficking, 2008). The subject of human trafficking affords itself its own weight and means of emotional persuasion, but we will seek to utilize the mechanisms of social reciprocity and social responsibility to lend authority to our argument. The persuasiveness of our argument is constructed on: 1) the logical power of our assertions (logos), as built on TVPA and; 2) the weight and means of conveying our argument (pathos), as exemplified through the social mechanisms of social reciprocity and social responsibility. Motivations of Altruistic Behavior Social exchange theory is based on economic exchange theory, which posits that people participate in an exchange because of the belief that the reward will justify the cost (Liao, 2008). In the realm of economics, monetary costs and rewards direct an exchange; however, in social psychology the currency of social capital is bartered in order to maximize rewards and minimize costs, both internally and externally. The altruistic notions of social norms are concerned with the way our lives ought to be lived and the reasonable prescription of proper behavior (Myers, 2008). Social Reciprocity The reciprocal norm of altruistic social behavior explains that people tend to help, rather than hurt, those that help them. The process is circular because social capital is invested in the future prediction of reimbursed dividends. Conversely, a person can be on the receiving end of social reciprocity and the dividends are expected to be paid in return. On a practical level, the institution of TVPA mandates the cessation of human trafficking through the investment of both social and monetary capital up front and predicts the future payment of dividends. In other words, transgressors will discontinue human trafficking if capital is invested initially and reciprocated thereafter. Social Responsibility The altruistic belief in social responsibility is assembled at the psychological level through the social incentive created when people need help. Nonetheless, the mental representation of social responsibility is mediated by attribution and the consequent emotions elicited. If the person in need of help is perceived to be in the situation because of personal mistakes or neglect, then very little sympathy is produced on the part of the helper—thereby leading to a lack of help. In contrast, if the person in need of help is perceived to be in the situation due to uncontrollable external influences, the sympathy and helping are forthcoming. In the case of human trafficking, the lives of those that are most vulnerable—those that have limited access to social services and protections—are being target because they are defenseless against uncontrollable external forces (Human Trafficking, 2008). Taken collectively, social responsibility dictates that uncontrollable external forces have led to human trafficking and therefore necessitate the introduction of social capital up front in order to facilitate social reciprocity.

5 Tips to Prepare for a Job Interview

5 Tips to Prepare for a Job Interview A good interview can mean the difference between a new job and more months on the unemployment line. There’s one rule when it comes to the contemporary job hunt: you can never be too prepared. Let’s take a closer look at why interviews are so important and what you can do to ace your next interview. Know the JobJob postings are carefully crafted to convey a message to potential job applicants. Have you thoroughly reviewed and analyzed the job posting? Doing so can give you valuable insights into what a company is looking for to fill a particular vacancy with the right candidate.Rather than playing it by ear, be proactive. Take time to match up your own qualifications - including skills, knowledge, experience and character traits - against the job description. The more matches you make, the more closely your candidacy will align with a prospective employer’s expectations. Review this list before the interview to optimize your chances of impressing when job-speci fic questions arise.Know the CompanyThe internet has opened up a whole new world to job seekers. There’s no â€Å"flying blind† when it comes to selling yourself to a company you don’t know. A breadth and depth of information - from logical strategies to corporate culture - is readily available via web pages and social media. Researching the company doesn’t just help you be more prepared to answer any question that come your way; it also indicates initiative and interest to employers.This is also an opportunity to use social networking sites to your advantage. Do any of your friends or contacts have a relationship with a prospective employer? If so, they become a potentially valuable source of information.And be sure to evaluate your own social networking accounts, and clean up, if necessary. The best interview in the world won’t overcome an inappropriate Facebook photo.Demonstrating knowledge of the market in addition to the prospective company also contributes to your ability to make a winning impression. Are there any interesting industry trends happening right now? How is the company positioned within the current market? Today’s employers aren’t just looking for the â€Å"yes men† of days past. Rather, they’re looking for progressive-minded leaders who will forge the path to innovation.Practice Makes PerfectThe more confident you are in your ability to answer questions, the more positively you’ll represent yourself to prospective employers. Enlist the help of a family member or friend in advance to practice with you. While it may seem silly, it will lay the groundwork for a successful and in-control interview. Make sure to review these 6 hardest interview questions and be ready to tackle these questions with thoughtful answers that will help you land the job.In addition to practicing answering questions, make sure to have plenty of questions of your own. Ultimately, the interview is as much an opportunity for you to get to know a prospective employer as it is for a prospective employer to get to know you.The Clothes Make the Man/WomanFor better or for worse, we live in a world where material things matter. Choose a professional interview outfit and have it ready at all times. Business attire is essential for interviews with professional organizations. More casual environments may require less formal clothing, but the commitment to a neat appearance and personal grooming remains.Etiquette MattersYou’re not just being judged on what you say during an interview. You’re also being judged on what you do. Maintain a polite and pleasant demeanor with everyone you meet - from your fellow elevator resident to the receptionist.Body language plays an increasingly important role with employers: sit upright, maintain eye contact, and pay attention.Demonstrating the ability to listen during an interview is just as important as answering questions. The best inter views include both give and take: they’re a discourse as opposed to a stilted series of questions and answers. The more engaged you are in the conversation, the more engaged a hiring manager will be by you.Taking time to prepare for an interview can be time-consuming, but the potential payoffs are well worth the work. After all, one of the best investments you can make is a well-prepared interview that results in the job of your dreams.

10 Companies That Offer Part Time Jobs With Benefits

10 Companies That Offer Part Time Jobs With Benefits Want or need to work part-time, but need benefits? Get the work-life balance you need while still being able to get health insurance. There are a growing number of big companies and corporations that are offering benefits to part-time employees- even retirement plans. If you need this kind of job, here are a few great places to look first.1. Barnes NobleSweet discounts aside, part-time employees at this bookstore megachain receive personal days, PTO, vacation time, holidays, and sick days after only 6 months of employment. There are also optional medical, dental, FSA, and 401(k) plans available (with 4% employer contribution).2. CostcoYou’ll have to wait a little longer than full-time employees here for benefit eligibility (180 days instead of 90), but this retailer offers a very competitive package- including even child care assistance, life insurance, and prescription medication discounts. And your premiums are withheld pretax.3. Land’s EndLand’s End offers a ton of benefits to part-time employees in its 300 stores or corporate headquarters. So go ahead and snag the home and auto insurance discounts, backup child care centers, employee purchase programs, and access to a group legal plan, lower-cost eye surgery, and of course the obligatory merchandise discounts.4. NikeAfter a year of working steadily at 20 hours or more each week, Nike employees are eligible for a health plan, basic dental and vision, plus a stock purchase plan, 401(k), PTO, long-term care insurance, and profit-sharing. And if you work 30 hours a week or more, you’re eligible for the same benefits as full time employees.5. StaplesThis company’s part-time worker benefit plan doesn’t meet the standards of the Affordable Care Act, but it’s better than nothing- and includes limited dental and vision, short-term disability, stock purchase, 401(k), employee assistance for child and elder care, and legal and professional services to employees whoâ₠¬â„¢ve worked 500 hours in a six month period.6. StarbucksStarbucks employees are all called â€Å"partners.† And if you work 20 hours per week or more, you’re entitled to a benefits package specifically tailored to meet your needs. Work 240 hours in a three month period, and hand pick between comprehensive health care, discounted stock purchase, matching 401(k), educational savings, and time off. Plus, all eligible U.S. Starbucks â€Å"partners† can earn an online Bachelor’s degree from Arizona State University with full or partial tuition coverage. And at bare minimum, all partners get an in-store discount, plus a pound of free coffee per week.7. UPSThis shipping company’s website boasts that it offers full-time benefits for part-time employees- from health care to tuition assistance, plus insurance programs, FSA, work life balance programs, etc. Part-time employees are also allowed to take advantage of their tuition assistance program called Ear n and Learn, which gives employees up to $5,250 per year with a lifetime max of $25k.8. Whole FoodsPTO, health and life insurance, and stock option retirement plans are but a few of the benefits offered to employees working 20 hours per week or more and have completed a probationary period. Not to mention: employees and their spouses/domestic partners get a 20%+ in-store discount.9. Trader Joe’sYou have to be super friendly to land a gig here. But if you work 30 hours a week or more, you’re eligible for medical, prescription, and dental coverage. If you only work 15 hours per week, you’re still eligible for basic dental and vision, which is a sweet little bonus for relatively little time on the job.10. REIREI is just about as good as it gets. The REI Flex Plan is offered to any employees who work more than 20 hours per week, and gives core health services (preventative care, etc.) at no cost. It also pays for 85% of premiums for employee-only medical and dental. The Path Plan, for workers averaging 15 hours per week, covers 60%. A healthy lifestyle is important to REI, who believes that a healthy workforce is a strong workforce. Expect a rewards system of points for completing â€Å"health and stewardship activities.† Get healthy and get paid!

Prometheus - Profile of the Greek Titan

Prometheus - Profile of the Greek Titan Prometheus DetailsPrometheus Profile Who Is Prometheus?: Prometheus is one of the Titans from Greek mythology. He helped create (and then befriend) mankind. He gave humans the gift of fire even though he knew Zeus would not approve. As a result of this gift, Prometheus was punished as only an immortal could be. Family of Origin: Iapetus the Titan was the father of Prometheus and Clymene the Oceanid was his mother. The Titans Roman Equivalent: Prometheus was also called Prometheus by the Romans. Attributes: Prometheus is often shown chained, with an eagle plucking out his liver or his heart. This was the punishment he suffered as a result of defying Zeus. Since Prometheus was immortal, his liver grew back every day, so the eagle could have feasted on it daily for eternity. Powers: Prometheus had the power of forethought. His brother, Epimetheus, had the gift of afterthought. Prometheus created man from water and earth. He stole skills and fire from the gods to give to man. Sources: Ancient sources for Prometheus include: Aeschylus, Apollodorus, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Hesiod, Hyginus, Nonnius, Plato, and Strabo.

International law, environment and multinational enterprises (MNEs) Essay

International law, environment and multinational enterprises (MNEs) - Essay Example Responsibilities of MNEs Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) are â€Å"enterprises which own or control value-added services in two or more countries† (Jones & Dunning, 1997). In other words, a multinational enterprise controls components of its organizational structures across two or more nations. This implies that such an organization will have to adhere to two or more legal jurisdictions. In this sense, a multinational can be viewed from the point of dealing in two countries, the home country and the host country (Morschett et al, 2010). Thus, every multinational will have to set its global standards from the perspective and requirements of the home country. This becomes the basic system of standards that it will adhere to in its drive to expand into other nations and territories. When it expands to other nations, it will have to also become sensitive to the local requirements and adhere to it. This brings up the issue of internationalisation versus nationalisation. An MNE will have to examine the right blend it will undertake in order to honour the legal and ethical requirements of a given nation. Will it have to adhere to the standards of the home country or the host country? Living by home country standards can mean loss of opportunities and potentially offending local partners. Adhering to host country standards could also lead to international condemnation and serious reputational issues if they are revealed in the home country thereby presenting the company as hypocritical. This inherent issue with MNEs are materialised strongly in environmental and human rights issues. These two major issues come with a room for potential conflict in deciding whether to internationalise or nationalise. How should a US or British firm operate in a nation where human righ ts are not respected? How should a European firm set its environmental reporting standards in a nation where those standards are seen as a sheer waste of money? All these are dilemmas that need to be handled in the expansion bid of an MNE. As identified in the introduction, the presence of international laws makes some of these things much easier to handle. Without them, there will be serious variances in the way MNEs behave and this will lead to double standards and serious implications for poorer countries and countries with lower human rights and environmental standards. Environmental Footprints Environmental footprint refers to the effects of an organisation's operations on the natural environment (Mares, 2007). The environmental footprints refers to the resultant effect of an business' operations on the natural environment. It involves the residual and sometimes unintended degradation of the

Topics Discussed in Class - My Participation in Class Assignment - 2

Topics Discussed in Class - My Participation in Class - Assignment Example I had no idea that understanding the change in trends, economic environment, political and legal environment is significantly important for marketing. In economies where the culture varies, the marketers have to come up with new and innovative strategies to increase demand. The marketing strategies are built on the basis of understanding the economic environment of a society which comprise of factors like demographics, culture, political & legal environment and the technological advancements to which the people have adapted to. Globalization has increased competition and the barriers have been removed. This in turn has brought changes in the institutional environment and has brought a significant effect on the marketers and their strategies (Griffith, 2010). In this globalizing world the marketer must make an attempt to understand the laws and regulation of the economies they are engaging in business with. They must respect the culture of the people so that effective marketing can be done. Understanding the people must be the primary objective of the marketer. The political condition and stability of an economy may be subject to change. This may change a few laws and regulations of the economy. The stability of the company may be tested under these varying conditions. I studied that the management and the marketers design their strategies in accordance to the political stability/instability in an economy. Sovereignty, political risk, taxes etc. are major concerns for the investors and hence are also of significant importance to the marketers while forming strategies (Shenkar, 2004). The political risk in the economy, the hikes in taxes expected if any and the jurisdiction are part of the economic environments. A socio economic society is dominated by the social norms and cultures which have been developed by the residents of the society (Shenkar, 2004). This gave me knowledge of interrelation of the entire factor and their growing significant importance as the world is becoming a global village. Hofstede proposed various theories to signify the importance of culture. He also identified certain traits of the individuals of the society. He argued that it is very important that the varying culture of the economies must be studied. Hofstede’s dimension of cultural relationship is based on five factors which are power distance, individualist, masculine & feminine cultures, uncertainty avoidance and long term orientation. The study of this model gives a clear understanding and classification of culture. The understanding that was developed by the marketers was that culture is the biggest factor which determines the success or failure of the product. This model is related to nature and time and the significant impact of globalizing has increased its use (De Mooij & Hofstede, 2002). While studying this concept I developed an understanding that Market segmentation is the process of grouping various customers into segments which have similar needs. The responses of the individuals are also similar in this segment. The responses of the segments vary with the changing situation. The segmentation can be carried out on the basis of Demographics, Psychographics, Geographical location etc. similarly targeting is dividing the market into various groups and classes. Positioning is the process of developing an image of the product for the customer (Viswanathan & Dickson,

Journal Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Journal Report - Essay Example a) Truthfulness – does not only stating the facts. Being truthful meant avoiding slanting the facts to create a false and an inaccurate impression out of the actual facts. This is principle is crucial to dispel the negative connotation about the PR profession. b) Authenticity – meant being true to the profession. As differentiated from truthfulness, the PR practitioner must practice the craft with lofty objectives aside from the self-interest of its client. It meant practicing the profession with utmost integrity that the recipient of information conveyed by the practitioner should benefit those who receives it. c) Respect- meant the placing of proper value or importance to the public who will consume the information that the PR practitioner will dispense. It meant that in the practice of the craft, an ethical PR person should strive to provide better choices among its audience and to foster understanding instead of misinformation. d) Equity – meant the fair prac tice of the PR profession. It meant that a PR professional should not take advantage those who are in a less privilege situation in advancing its PR objectives. e) Social responsibility – just like any job, the PR profession must be exercised with a sense of social responsibility. This means taking into consideration the common good of the public at large as the PR person exercises his or her profession. It also means serving not only the interest of those who have, but also should serve the interest of those who have less in society. 2. Functions of PR I am interested with I am very much interested with the societal function of Public Relations. It is the function of Public Relation that deals with the public at large that includes functions such as consumer relations and marketing communication. I find this specific function of Public Relation that deals with the public a very exciting job because I am in a position not only to dispense news and information, but is also emp owered to shape the point of view, perspective and opinion of people about the product and organization I represent. When the above ethical principles is integrated in the practice of the craft, the PR profession can become a potent force for good; which can foster understanding and goodwill not only about the product and organization I represent but also on issues between people. 3. What is the significance of the article to the fields of public relations? The article discussed how the relationship between journalists and PR professionals are shifting from a love-hate relationship to a more cooperative environment because of the introduction of new technology. The traditional relationship of the two has been characterized as adversarial with the PR professionals always seeking the journalists and the journal was able to explain how this was â€Å"turned around†. This is significant because the literature explained how the emergence of technology and its platforms such as blo gs, twitters, social networking and LISTERV(e-mail list management software system), HARO (help a reporter out, a social networking site for journalists asking for sources for their stories) was able to transform the formerly distrustful relationship between the journalists and PR practitioners. 4. What is the sign

Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Analysis - Case Study Example Even more importantly, however, is the fact that a business will face innumerable set-backs, and passion is required to keep up drive in the face of failure. 3. Though this can often lead entrepreneurs down the wrong path, perhaps someone should have thought to ask why no one was monetizing these sporting events in ANY way. Furthermore, if people get to watch professional sports on TV, will they pay for amateur sport commentary? People tend to be very unwilling to pay for media that is usually ad supported. 4. I think that the basic business model of YouCastr was flawed, which means saving it would have taken a basic re-thinking of how things were done. One possibility: monetize through inserting ads in the broadcast, more like other traditional sports media. 1. There are a number of reasons that this company was successful – one of which was certainly a bit of luck – they hit on a formula that people didn’t just like, but loved. They never would have had the chance to get lucky, however, without persistence – persistence that came from a love of what they do. Their love for game making was apparent – doing it first as a hobby, entering into contests, and then making a remarkable 51 relatively unsuccessful games before the launch of angry birds. 2. Part of it is good design – the game features bright, funny characters that are enjoyable to play with, a funny name, and game play that encourages people to play frequently and not put it down. More important, however, is probably that people picked it up and made it go â€Å"viral† – it was at the right place at the right time, and tickled people to the point that they showed their friends. 3. I think that, given something I was enjoying doing, I definitely would have been able to hang in there. The trick is that one must realize that rejection and

How music benefits the lives, both intellectually and socially, of Research Paper

How music benefits the lives, both intellectually and socially, of mentally retarded people - Research Paper Example Music is a medium that can meet people’ s needs for achievement, belonging, significance freedom and fun, since it allows expression of self and is a means of finding meaningful and enjoyable communication with others. The power of music has been recognized for a long time as a means of promoting health and well-being; therefore, music therapy to mentally retarded people is a means of harnessing the power of music for effective and positive change to individuals. Music actively engages people in their development and behavioural change; hence, for mentally retarded people music permits them to transmit musical and non-musical skills to other facets of life, which brings them from isolation into active participation in the world. The act of making music to mentally retarded people and reacting to musical stimuli makes these individuals able to experience immediate psychological and physiological awareness in various levels. The concrete reality of being able to sense auditorial y, tactfully, visually and emotionally brings these persons into the present, which brings immediate results. From mental retardation, these individuals experience the world around them on a subliminal or unconscious level; nevertheless, through music mentally retarded people can experience life at the conscious level, which opens lines of communication because it awakens, heighten and expand their awareness. Music has many positive changes on different levels to mentally retarded people since it has the unique properties of facilitating creative expression within individuals who have nonverbal or face difficulties in communication skills. Moreover, music provides an opportunity for experiences that open the way leading to motivation in learning in all domains of functioning; as well, music creates opportunities for positive and pleasurable social experiences, which are unavailable to mentally retarded people. In addition, music develops understanding of self, others and the surroun ding which improves the working of mentally retarded people at all levels and improves their well-being as well as fostering their independent living (Barksdale, 2003). There are various fundamental reasons to the effectiveness of using music as a curative agent, which include music being a cross-cultural mode of expression with its nonverbal nature making it a universal means of communication. Music sound stimulus is unique in its power of penetrating the mind and the body regardless of an individual’s level of intelligence or condition; therefore, music stimulates senses, evokes feelings and emotions, elicits both mental and physiological responses and energizes the mind and body. Music’s intrinsic structure and qualities has the potential for self-organization in mentally retarded individuals since it influences musical and non-musical behaviour hence it facilitates learning and acquisition of skills. Music is an extremely efficient and aesthetic modality which appl ies to all people including mentally retarded people owing to its interdisciplinary nature. Music improves motor skill, cognitive skills, affective states and adjustment as well as social skills; hence, music’s interdisciplinary aspects supplement and reinforce therapies for mentally retarded individuals (Barksdale, 2003). Music has been successful as a therapeutic intervention for individuals with mental and physical disorders; hence, music has always been recommended combined with treatment policy in order to supplement medical treatment. Music therapy theory suggest music engages the mind, bringing awareness of self and others leading to positive change and as choice theory suggest, thoughts and feelings change in accordance with actions that satisfy the individuals involved, which music invokes (Barksdale, 2003). Musial activities are useful for motion, also motivate conscious reaction, and complete the power of sensory motivation; however, music

The West Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The West - Term Paper Example Western culture also includes social norm’s heritage, political system. People involved in Western culture are very religious and believe in ethical and traditional values. It is also includes a mature political system. People in Western culture mostly use new technologies in their work. Western culture is also rich in art, music, tradition, folkloric, spiritual thinking, moral tradition, literary, philosophy, social values and many more. Their spiritual thinking is powered by Biblical-Christian and the cultures like art, music are introduced by Romanticisms. Many cultural values are developed in Post- Classical Era. Graeco Romans along with Renaissance influence the valuable culture like philosophy, literacy and tradition. It is also rich with heritages of Germanic, Slavic, and many ethical groups and Celtic. Because of its richness in literary, arts, music, philosophy and many other things Western culture is different from other area’s civilization. Most of the traditional knowledge is gained from Western Canon and it is one of the major parts of Western culture. Due to the effect of cold war our earth splits in three worlds. The world on the first position is referred to as West, the second part is given to Warsaw Pact and Soviet Union and the last part is the integration of different countries like Yugoslavia, India, China and many more. The Western part includes members of NATO and many other countries that are associated with united state. Many countries like Switzerland, Ireland, Austria and Sweden are not feeling comfortable because of the happening done during cold war. Finland remains under the control of military sphere of Soviet Union and many other remaining countries remain neutral because these countries were not communalist and they were not the member of Commence. Apart from this these neutral countries were the member of EFTA and follow the culture of Western civilization. Spain joined NATO after 1982 i.e. after the end of cold war

How music benefits the lives, both intellectually and socially, of Research Paper

How music benefits the lives, both intellectually and socially, of mentally retarded people - Research Paper Example Music is a medium that can meet people’ s needs for achievement, belonging, significance freedom and fun, since it allows expression of self and is a means of finding meaningful and enjoyable communication with others. The power of music has been recognized for a long time as a means of promoting health and well-being; therefore, music therapy to mentally retarded people is a means of harnessing the power of music for effective and positive change to individuals. Music actively engages people in their development and behavioural change; hence, for mentally retarded people music permits them to transmit musical and non-musical skills to other facets of life, which brings them from isolation into active participation in the world. The act of making music to mentally retarded people and reacting to musical stimuli makes these individuals able to experience immediate psychological and physiological awareness in various levels. The concrete reality of being able to sense auditorial y, tactfully, visually and emotionally brings these persons into the present, which brings immediate results. From mental retardation, these individuals experience the world around them on a subliminal or unconscious level; nevertheless, through music mentally retarded people can experience life at the conscious level, which opens lines of communication because it awakens, heighten and expand their awareness. Music has many positive changes on different levels to mentally retarded people since it has the unique properties of facilitating creative expression within individuals who have nonverbal or face difficulties in communication skills. Moreover, music provides an opportunity for experiences that open the way leading to motivation in learning in all domains of functioning; as well, music creates opportunities for positive and pleasurable social experiences, which are unavailable to mentally retarded people. In addition, music develops understanding of self, others and the surroun ding which improves the working of mentally retarded people at all levels and improves their well-being as well as fostering their independent living (Barksdale, 2003). There are various fundamental reasons to the effectiveness of using music as a curative agent, which include music being a cross-cultural mode of expression with its nonverbal nature making it a universal means of communication. Music sound stimulus is unique in its power of penetrating the mind and the body regardless of an individual’s level of intelligence or condition; therefore, music stimulates senses, evokes feelings and emotions, elicits both mental and physiological responses and energizes the mind and body. Music’s intrinsic structure and qualities has the potential for self-organization in mentally retarded individuals since it influences musical and non-musical behaviour hence it facilitates learning and acquisition of skills. Music is an extremely efficient and aesthetic modality which appl ies to all people including mentally retarded people owing to its interdisciplinary nature. Music improves motor skill, cognitive skills, affective states and adjustment as well as social skills; hence, music’s interdisciplinary aspects supplement and reinforce therapies for mentally retarded individuals (Barksdale, 2003). Music has been successful as a therapeutic intervention for individuals with mental and physical disorders; hence, music has always been recommended combined with treatment policy in order to supplement medical treatment. Music therapy theory suggest music engages the mind, bringing awareness of self and others leading to positive change and as choice theory suggest, thoughts and feelings change in accordance with actions that satisfy the individuals involved, which music invokes (Barksdale, 2003). Musial activities are useful for motion, also motivate conscious reaction, and complete the power of sensory motivation; however, music

Trifles deals with gender perception a sensitive reading of the drama Essay

Trifles deals with gender perception a sensitive reading of the drama involves understanding how the men view the women, how t - Essay Example "Trifles" deals with gender perception; a sensitive reading of the drama involves understanding how the men view the women, how the women view the men, and how the women ultimately triumph over the men. Men are presented as an egoistic species that reserve the back roles for the women right from the beginning of the play. Throughout the development of the play, women seem to be placed in the dark and they consequently withdraw themselves to trivial details that men count as unimportant in the case. â€Å"She didn't pay much attention,† are examples of words men use in the play to refer to women (vcu.edu, 6th conversation by Hale). At one point in the play, women are depicted as a species that concentrates on trifles at an instance when men plainly mock them for linking a quilt to murder case evidence. "Trifles" deals with gender perception; a sensitive reading of the drama involves understanding how the men view the women. Other trivial details that the women fall on in their assistance to unravel the murder are equally rejected by the chauvinistic men in the play. In aromatic turn of events, the very rejections termed trivial become the main pieces of reliable evidence.

The Amazing Catch Essay Example for Free

The Amazing Catch Essay I am writing this paper on the video clip of the amazing catch made by the ball girl. This paper is going to be my perception of the video as I go through the three stages of perception. I will also be explaining my thoughts throughout the three stages of perception while watching the video. In addition, I will in the end be deciding whether or not I believe the video to be true or fake. Selection. Selection is defined in the book as the following â€Å"The process of attending to a stimulus. † (Floyd, pg. 109) I have watched this video over and over before writing this paper, but the first time I watched it nothing really stood out to me besides the very end where the girl catches the ball because that stimulus was unusual so my brain selected that. However, when I repeatedly watched the video I started to notice other things because I was using repetition. Some things that started to stand out to me were that the catcher changes his glove from one hand to another throughout the short video. Also the logo on the catcher’s vest changes sides during the video. And the last thing that stuck out was that after the girl catches the ball, you cant really tell she has a ponytail and she keeps her face towards the ground and not up where you can see it. The third characteristic of selection is intensity, which sort of ties the first two characteristics together. The reason I noticed the catch first was because it was my first time seeing the video so I didn’t know what to expect, and because the intensity or unusualness of the catch caught me off guard and my brain became alert, but as I began to look closer after watching it a few times I noticed more minute differences that I would never had noticed the first time watching the video. Organization. The book says organization is â€Å"The process of categorizing information that has been selected for attention.† (Floyd, pg. 109) When we are in the second stage of perception, there are four types of schema that  we use when we classify what we perceive about other people. Those four schemas are physical constructs, role constructs, interaction constructs, and psychological constructs. I however didn’t really use all four of those constructs when watching the amazing catch. I used three of the four schema, the physical, role and interaction constructs were the ones I used while classifying the information I perceived. When it comes to the physical constructs, it emphasizes people’s physical attributes. I noticed the girl wasn’t very tall, she was probably mid twenties, and that she had a slim body shape, which are all factors that make the catch hard to believe. The role constructs emphasize people’s social or professional positio n. I noticed at the end of the video was that she was a ball girl, and most ball girl or boys don’t ever go for a ball if it is in play or could potentially stay in play which I thought was a tad bit odd. The last construct that I used is the interaction construct. The interaction construct emphasizes people’s behaviors and I noticed that the girl kept her head down until she was in the chair with the camera on her. I find that weird because if you had just made a catch as amazing as that in a major league baseball game the last thing you would be doing is calmly jogging back to your seat. You would be showing off and admiring all of the cheers you were getting from the crowd. Stage one also aided in completing stage two because without being able to select the different stimuli in the beginning I wouldn’t be able to organize them and I wouldn’t have noticed all of the constructs that I saw during stage two. Interpretation. Interpretation is â€Å"The process of assigning meaning to information that has been selected for attention and organized.† (Floyd, pg. 111) There are three factors when it comes to interpretation. The three factors are experience, knowledge, and closeness. These are not especially useful in this situation because I have no personal experience with this girl, I have no former knowledge of this girl, and I have no closeness or relationship with this ball girl. I do however have prior knowledge of major league baseball. In major league baseball I have a hard time believing that a ball girl/boy would just jump into the game and catch a ball that was still in play, that is not their job and it is very unlikely. I don’t have a relationship with the girl, and I don’t have any prior experience with her  so I have no idea if she would just jump right into the middle of a game, but also having no prior closeness to this girl it is a lot easier to doubt her and feel like she is lying. Stage one and stage two of the perception process helped aid in my completion of stage three because without having stimuli to select and then organize I would have nothing to create an interpretation of. In conclusion, I do not think this video is real. I think this video is fake because of the switching of the glove and logo on the catchers uniform. I also found it very weird that you never got to see a close up of the girls face after the catch until she was all the way back at her seat. The last thing that makes me think this video isn’t real is that it just isn’t a believable thing for anyone to be able to do. I don’t think any human unless they were extremely tall would be able to jump to such a great height. It would be very impressive if this video truly is real, I just don’t perceive it to be. Works Cited Floyd, Kory. The Process of Perception. Interpersonal Communication. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011. 108-13. Print.

Reflective Essay On Breaking Bad News To Patients Nursing Essay

Reflective Essay On Breaking Bad News To Patients Nursing Essay Im writing a reflective essay based on Gibbs model of refection, this is a six stage evaluation process and promotes good practice through evaluation of experiences, aids learning and better understanding on how to deal with similar situations in future practice, the six stages comprise of description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and finally an action plan (Gibbs, 1998). The department of health (DoH) advises primary care, to use reflective practice and encourages integrated working with all professional within the community and hospitals of the local trust (DoH, 2000), which is incorporate in my reflection. All names and identities have been changed to maintain confidentially in accordance with the code of conduct (NMC, 2009). I will explore an experience I had whilst based in a local trust hospital, discussing a situation that I felt uncomfortable with and unsure how to manage emotionally, psychologically and professionally. This situation evolved after a patient had been giving bad news by a doctor and talks about the events after this occurred. I feel it is important to discuss breaking bad news as this area of communication is often an area that even the professional person finds difficult (Brewin, 1998). The inter-professional teams all have different education and preparation leading to different views as to how the subject should be managed and the best way to break bad news. Schildman et al. (2005) stated there is a need for specific education on breaking bad news, ensuring all professionals where proficient in this area with an aim to improve skills and continuity. By bad news Buckman (1984) described as any information given that is likely to dramatically alter a patients view of their future. The bad news that is delivered may not be about terminal illness or death but could be a lifestyle altering condition like diabetes, heart disease or HIV (Peate, 2006). Arber Gallagher (2004) defined bad news as any information given that is not welcome. Traditionally delivering bad news has been considered the doctors role, despite having little education or preparation in this area (Vandekieft, 2001). Although a nurse may not be delivering bad news directly, it is an inescapable part of healthcare (Price, 2006) and an integral part of their role (Tobin Begley, 2008). It is however, important to remember that the role of breaking bad news is not the responsibility of just one profession but should be a shared responsibility with all the inter-professionals within the multi disciplinary team (Jevon, 2010). Mr M, 72 year old male, admitted to the ward and initially presented with intense intermittent pain in pelvic area and legs. After several investigations with other hospital inter-professional teams Mr M underwent tests such as x-rays, cat scans and MRI scans. This led to a diagnosis that Mr M had bone and lung metastases, this is also known as secondary cancer. Metastatic cancer occurs when the cancer cells breaks from the primary site, relocate to another area of the body and then forms secondary tumours (American Cancer Society, 2010). Cancer is deemed as the most feared diagnosis in todays society (Kalber, 2009). The junior doctor had discussed these results with Mr M, whilst he remained on the ward and without another member of staff with him during the conversation. It is suggested that bad news should be delivered to the patient by someone they know (Lomas et al, 2004). This leads to a much debated subject as to who should break bad news (Brewin, 1998), due to the belief that some doctors are not well prepared and have lack of training and preparation for this task (Vandekeift, 2001). Whereas, the nurses have more communication with the patient and can build a better rapport (Jevon, 2010). The doctor with Mr M should have made him aware, that he had terminal cancer but we were unable to verify this. The written information in Mr Ms notes where thought by the nurses to be to brief and therefore not well recorded due to a lack of in-depth detail but the doctor could argue the notes were ok, they had acknowledge he had spoken to Mr M about his results. After the doctors consultation Mr M was positive and upbeat and still trying to do as much as he could for himself. Later that day he had spoken to me stating that the doctor wanted to run more test, informing me that they were going to look for the primary cancer site as this may be treatable. My intrinsic feeling was that Mr M thought he could be cured. This made me feel awkward and uncomfortable being around him and I found it difficult to know what to say to him, as I was aware of his terminal diagnosis. I was unsure as to what information the doctor had told Mr M or if the doctor had checked he had understood. As doctors have different education and views than the nursing staff it leads to professional indifferences. Mr Ms behaviour may have been his way of coping and could have indicated that he was in denial. Denial is a way for the individual to cope and regain some control, when bad news is delivered leading to an uncontrollable situation like a diagnosis of terminal illness (Burgess, 1994). I felt as if I was withholding information from him that he should be aware of. This made me feel as if I was lying to Mr M, something I was uncomfortable with and I felt compromised ethically, as I was more that aware of his rights to be informed and my code of conduct that states I should be open and honest (NMC, 2008). This made me want to avoid conversation with Mr M as I was unsure how to manage the situation and was worried in case he asked me any questions, as this could have led to further distress to myself or Mr M. However, it is normal when giving or receiving bad news to feel psychological distress but if supported and managed well you can avoid damaging long terms effects (Fukui et al, 2009). I had discuss with nurse in charge that I had concerns about Mr M and queried if he had definitely been told of his terminal diagnosis. Mr Ms mood and behaviour was monitored by the nursing staff over the next two weeks, with occasional subtle prompts for him to a sk any questions or to comment on how he felt. After this time the palliative care team were informed of Mr Ms situation and invited to the ward by the nursing team, to talk to Mr M and explain his illness was terminal, help him acknowledge this and start to come to terms with his situation and prepare himself and his family with what was to come. The palliative care team have more experience and practice in communication with those diagnosed with terminal cancer. The terminal patient can experience many different emotions (Peate, 2006), these have been studied by Kulber-Ross in the 1960s and Murry-Parkes in the 1980s. They both suggest that there are five stages of grief and structured these into models of bereavement (sometime known as the grief cycle). Kulber-Ross (1969) stated that not every person will react in the same way or go through all the stages in order. The five stages are Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression or grief and then Acceptance. A dying patient will often go through these stages whilst coming to terms with their own death (Kulber-Ross, 1969). I felt it was good that Mr M had taken onboard some of the information the doctor had told him and he was in good spirits and trying to do as much as possible. That Mr M was able to communicate well with the nursing team and had benefited from the expertise, kindness and knowledge from all the inter-professional teams from the porters who regularly moved Mr M and showed patience and understanding regarding his pain, to the reassurance given him by the radiographers and their expertise to minimise his discomfort, pain and the palliative care team who showed patience and understanding and with their unique knowledge were able to help Mr M come to terms with his terminal cancer, understand it better and help him cope with his situation. All these people are specialist in their own fields and were involved with Mr Ms care amongst several others. It was good that personally I had built a good rapport with Mr M, which helped me to be aware of his behaviour and highlight my concerns with th e nurses. Enabling me to raise awareness and question the nurses as to if Mr M had been informed of his diagnosis or question was he in denial? I thought it was bad that no-one who had worked regularly with Mr M i.e. a nurse was with the doctor when he was told his diagnosis and that it was a junior doctor that Mr M did not know very well. The information about the discussion hadnt been recorded in detail, as to what was said and if Mr M had understood this information. So we had to make assumptions due to the lack of detail, we could only ascertain if Mr M was in denial through time. Also that I felt I had to avoid communication with Mr M as I found it difficult due to his terminal illness and was unsure what to say to him. I realised talking about dying directly with the dying patient an area I was uncomfortable with and felt unprepared for and therefore avoided the situation. This is echoed by Trovo de Arujo and de Silva (2004) where he suggested that many people will approach communication differently with a dying patient; this includes avoidance patterns, which may be due to difficulties in coping with human suffering a nd death. I have to assume the doctor had given Mr M the correct information about his diagnosis, which left the conclusion that Mr M had not fully understood this information or was in denial about his terminal cancer. I should have contacted the doctor who consulted with Mr M to ascertain as to how the information was given and how he felt Mr M had responded to this. Explaining Mr Ms current behaviour and his understanding that they were still looking for the cause of the cancer and this when located could be treated. This may have improved the situation, by leading to the doctor returning to re-explain to Mr M with another member of the ward. It is now thought that the doctor may not be the most appropriate person to give bad news and in some situations it may be better for a nurse to do this role (Resuscitation Council UK, 2006). If I was presented with a similar situation, I now feel I would manage the situation better, as I have learnt through reflection of these events. Sometimes caring for a dying patient can be daunting as in our nursing role we believe we are there to improve a patients health so they will get better (Peate, 2006) but the reality is we have a unique role to assist the patient to health or to a peaceful death (Henderson, 19996). Common sense and forward planning, the use of a structured model can help prevent any distress or communication disasters (Walker et al, 2001). I feel that the communication of bad news should be delivered to a patient avoiding medical terminology (Back et al, 2005), as this reduces misinterpretation (Innes, 2009). The inter-professional teams will benefit the individual by supporting each other and drawing on each others knowledge, helping to reduce long term distress (Fukui et al, 2009) or further avoidance of distressing situations. It is also important to be aware that every patient will react differently to bad news (Kulber-Ross, 1969) and to remember their family will also require lots of information and support at this time (Dougherty Lister, 2008).

The Art of Calf Roping :: Expository Process Essays

The Art of Calf Roping It’s 2:00 a.m. Sunday morning. Jake and I are headed down the longest stretch of road in Texas. We have just pulled out of El Paso and are on the way to Fredericksburg to participate in the Frontier Days Rodeo. We were fortunate to have put together a decent run on our last draw and win enough day-money to keep us going for a while. Jake and I are rodeo-bums, to be specific, calf ropers. I am the one who tries to throw the loop of a rope around a calf’s neck and Jake is my partner, the best roping horse a cowboy ever mounted. By the way, how many understand the art of calf roping? I thought so. Let me walk through the steps of what it takes to put together that perfect run, not that I can do it that often. Contestants arrive at the arena an hour before the performance to draw the calf each will be roping. A large pen of calves is assembled, each calf branded with a different number. Corresponding numbers are placed in a hat and each cowboy draws his calf for the first go-around. There is always some cowboy who knows what rodeo string these particular calves are from and can discuss some trait of nearly all of them. For example, " number 16 breaks hard and heads straight to the far end of the arena. Number 8 will break hard but tends to veer sharply right on nearly every run. Number 21 breaks slow and many a good horse has run right past him". Having studied the calf, the run put together in my head several times, I am ready to rodeo. Jake is anxiously waiting and ready to be saddled. Mounting up, I pat Jake gently on the neck and we make several trips through the parking lot to get warmed up. The announcer calls my number and I walk Jake into the arena and check the calf in the chute to be sure he is the one we are to rope. I back Jake into the roping box and the judge stretches and secures the barrier. (The barrier is a small piece of rope pulled tight across the exit of the box designed to give the calf a 10- foot head start. If the horse leaves early and breaks the barrier, 10 seconds are added to the completion of the run).

African American Musuem Essay

The African Museum in Philadelphia is notable as the first museum funded and built by a municipality to help preserve, interpret and exhibit the heritage of African Americans. Opened during the 1976 Bicentennial celebrations, the AAMP is located in historic Philadelphia, a few blocks away from the Liberty Bell. Charles H. Wesley was a noted African American historian, educator, and author. He was the fourth African American to receive a Ph. D. from Harvard University. An ordained minister, Wesley’s distinguished career included 40 years of leadership with the African Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1976, he served as Director of the Afro-American Historical and Cultural Museum in Philadelphia, now known as the African American Museum in Philadelphia. Programs The African American Museum that is located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania has some interesting education programs. These education programs focus on arts, culture, and heritage education. They place a major emphasis on the interests of the students, educators, artists, historians, scholars, and community organizations. These programs offer diversity with scheduling. The programs explore various African forms of cultural expressions. In these programs there are literary performances, hands on demonstrations, workshops, and storytelling performances as well. The African American Museum in Philadelphia feels its programs can be a vital link between the permanent and visiting collections for the many communities they serve. Exhibitions The exhibitions in the African American Museum in Philadelphia can some to be pleasing to the eye and stimulating to the mind. According to the African American Museum of Philadelphia these exhibitions invoke a deep collection of emotion ranging from pride and passion to excitement and enthusiasm. When visitors enter the museum they will come to Gallery 1, which includes a interactive timeline, images draw from historical record, that spans 100 years of history. In Gallery 2 there are full size video projections in which visitors can in engage in them. Once they are activated, a monologue about life in Philadelphia will begin. Some other aspects of the exhibit include an experience where you can walk the streets of Philadelphia through a large scale map, which is located between galleries 1 and 2 .

Homer †“The Odyssey Essay

It is surprising that Odysseus, ‘a master of stratagems,’ can also be reckless and impulsive? Throughout the Epic, The Odyssey, Odysseus is determined to be a survivor and return to Ithaca with a status appropriate to his own sense of excellence. Odysseus is not going to make any suicidal heroic stands on the battle field and refuses to compromise a very narrow sense of integrity. On the contrary, he is ready to use any stratagem to get home. Odysseus lies, accepts insults, disguises himself, represses his emotions and even conceals his true identity in order to get through his journey. Odysseus is impulsive and reckless. The Epic, is only the story it is due to Odysseus being a character of impulse and recklessness. He creates opportunities for events and challenges and also the opportunity to return home as a heroic icon. Odysseus was surely a ‘master of stratagems.’ Cunning, strong, skillful, courageous and patient. The King of Ithaca, leader of his people. He was both these things before he departed for Troy. Although he was a great king, admirable, and resourceful, at times Odysseus was also reckless and often acted impulsively. The roles of being a hero and a leader were always implied. In a search for glory and glamour Odysseus sought out danger, mocked death and ways prepared to accept an honorable death. He also risked the lives of his men. This was most evident in the Cyclopes saga, where Odysseus persisted in entering and remaining in the cave despite the pleas of his men to take what they could before the giant returned. He chose to be too greedy, because of his actions six of his men died. Odysseus could not resist the temptation of boasting to Polyohemus who had blinded the Cyclops, again despite the pleas of his men. Not knowing what he was playing around with, not just his life but the lives of his crew as any one of those boulders could have struck the vessels and destroyed the lot of them. Later, Eurylochus was to refer to this episode with the Cyclops when he virtually attempted suicide by resisting Odysseus plan to take the whole crew back to Circe’s palace. â€Å"Why are you looking for trouble – going to Circe’s palace, where she will turn you into pigs? We have had all this before, with the Cyclops, when our friends found their way into his fold with this foolhardy Odysseus. It was the man’s reckless folly that cost them their lives†(Homer 1991, book 10, line 430) There was a lack of trust between Odysseus and his crew at times. Odysseus’ lack of leadership and recklessness was clearly pointed out on the island of thrinacle. The crew broke their oath and disobeyed Odysseus’ commands about eating the cattle of Hyperion. This incident underlined their weaknesses and Odysseus’ iron will and self control-but also showed the limitations of his leadership. On the other hand, there is evidence of care and concern by Odysseus for his crew. He was a man of stratagems but at times acted purely on impulse which resulted in consequences that only made himself look reckless. A man who clearly had the ability to lead by example, as a king and military leader, he had the inspiration, confidence and loyalty. This is seen throughout the text many times. On his journey, though, circumstances were somewhat different, the individualism and egotism of the hero as well as his failure to communicate effectively on several occasions created distrust. A man of tremendous courage, although he made those impulsive decisions he did care for his crew. Without Odysseus being this character there would be no story, and The Epic probably would not exist today. This man was chosen to be a king and a leader of a crew for a reason. He may have gotten a little caught up in the glamour and glory at times, however he was appointed leader and king by the gods above. If the crew had been just as impulsive as their leader, and followed his commands then they to would have returned to Ithaca with their leader.

Part a Critical Analysis of Project Management Plan

Part A Critical Analysis of Project Management Plan Executive Summary Table of Contents 1 Introduction This report will present the critical analysis about humanities financial services review project management plan. The purpose of the report is to apply the different theories and ideas regarding the project management plan. The main purpose of the critical analysis is to critique as well as evaluate somebody’s work based on the opinion, idea and perspective of someone. It is an academic report that contains a description of the project plan (part B) as well as its content.This report will also express the opinion of the author with regards to the different part of the project management plan that has chosen. It will analyze the whole project plan by breaking down the project into parts and then studying and evaluating each and every part using the support and help of different references from different books, journals and other related studies. This report will also show the importance of a project plan and who will be benefited from its use and implementation. The structure of the report will follow the structure of the chosen project plan.It will individually analyze the different part or aspect of the project plan based on the project management body of knowledge. The main focus of the report is to give analysis about the different important aspect of the project management plan such as the time or schedule, money or cost, human resource or work breakdown structure as well as different risk that can be encountered by the project during the implementation of the plan. 2 Project Background 2. 1 Information about the Work 2. 1. 1 Title: Humanities Financial Services Review Project Management Plan . 1. 2 Author: Craig Medley 2. 1. 3 Publication Information: Project Id HUM-PR-P1, v. 04 Draft, August 30, 2007, from http://edo. humanities. curtin. edu. au/pdf/Project_Managem ent_Plan_2007. pdf 2. 2 Project Description The chosen document focuses on the pla n for the management of the humanities financial services review project. It was written in order to show or review the different areas or aspects of the newly implemented new transactional systems in November 2007, with an upgrade to the finance one to the Concur and BPI in Humanities only.It can help to know the different processes and flow of data and information of its accounting and purchasing transactions across each and every division (Medley 2007, p. 4). The Faculty of the Humanities of the Curtin University of the Technology offers different courses in Media, Communications, Built Environment, Art and Design, Education, Languages, Human Services as well as Social Sciences. All f the said courses are only few of the courses that the said department of the Curtin University is offering (Faculty of Humanities 2008).The project plan focuses on the implementation of the finance and accounting system of the department that focuses on the needs of the users of the system like invo icing, ordering, approving, reconciling, access to the system, structure of the outputs, skills and request and access for the different outputs (Medley 2007, p. 4). The project management plan will help the current system to improve its operations and increase the security that will eventually help to meet the demands and needs of the different stakeholders or users. Structure and contents of the Project Plan 3. 1 Project Management Plan and Its Purpose 3. 1. 1 What is Project Plan? Project management plan or simply project plan is a document that corresponds to the overall purposes or objectives, responsibilities, resource requirements and agenda for the project (Baker & Baker 2003, p. 29). It is considered as more than a playbook that determine what are the different works or task that are need to done and accomplish (Phillips 2004, p. 32). It is a fluid document that controls the following elements: Provide structure – project plan is developed in order to present a struc ture or composition in order to get the project to its completion. It must be methodical and systematical but brief and short, compilation of different documents that serves as a point of references in the course of the project implementation (Phillips 2004, p. 32). ? Provide Documentation – documented project plan is needed in order for the project to be a successful one. This is due to the fact that it must present historical references and the different reasons behind the decisions that have been made (Phillips 2004, p. 32). Provide Baselines – a project plan includes a number of baselines. As the project shift towards the finishing point, the management together with the stakeholders and the project managers can use the project plan in order to see what was predicted for the costs, schedules, qualities and scopes – and compare it to the present condition (Phillips 2004, p. 32). Project plan is the output or result of the planning phase that confines the diff erent information that has been observed and fulfilled with the team and lays out the different activities and processes about how the project will be carried out.It also represents the projected reality (Martin & Tate 2001, p. 155). 3. 1. 2 Purposes and Importance of the Project Plan The major function of the project plan is to provide a step-by-step insight into what it takes in order to satisfy the requirements or the needs of the system (Frame 2002, p. 97). An inclusive and fittingly comprehensive project plan is essential to a successful completion of any project. It can help to direct the project itself.Without the aid or help of a project plan, it will hard and even impossible to lead a group to carry out their different responsibilities in order achieves their common goal (Baker & Baker 2003, p. 29). It is a directing document of the project management that serves up as a storage area for all of the supplementary plans. It is a guiding document for the project and it’ s intrinsically needs to replicate all of the information that is critical or crucial to the project manager, project team, customer as well as management sponsor. It offers broad direction as to the cost, schedule and requirements baselines.In its thorough and comprehensive form, it provides much more exact and precise guidance on the nature of the components of the different supporting plans (Pritchard 2004, p. 100). 3. 2 Stakeholder of the Humanities Financial Services Review Project Management Plan The main audience or target of the humanities of the financial services review project management are the higher officials who are involved in the overall process and management of the different financial and accounting activities in the humanities department of the   Curtin University of the Technology.The plan will focus on the review of the different areas of the current system of the humanities of the Curtin University of the Technology such as the different internal process flo ws such as invoicing, ordering, approving as well as reconciling; the number of the people or the user that can access the systems of the Concur and the Finance One; the structure of the invoicing as well as procurement function as well as the different responsibilities and functions of each and every users; the different skills of every users; the different uses and what they are used for such as the request for the Curtin tax invoice and its different uses and the different types of transactions that are involved with the credit card or purchase request (Medley 2007, p. 4).All of the said information together with other result of the review will be helpful for the management in order for them to improve the current system of the Humanities department that will ensure competitive advantage for their part because it can make the life of their stakeholders a lot easier. It can also help them to excel in their different operations as well as to ensure or add their financial security. 3. 3 Structure of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the Humanities Financial Services Review Project Management Plan 3. 4 Different Sections of the Humanities Financial Services Review Project Management Plan 4 Conclusions 5 Recommendations Part B Humanities Financial Services Review Project Management Plan 1 Introduction 1. 1 About this Document This document provides a plan for the management of the Humanities Financial Services Review Project. 1. 2 BackgroundNew transactional systems and processes have been implemented recently, being Concur and BPI (Humanities only) with an upgrade to Finance One to occur in November 2007. In addition, the Division is looking at ways in which to best undertake support activities including purchasing and accounting to ensure that efficiencies are obtained. A Financial Services Office is already operational and undertakes some financial processes i. e. electronic processing of credit card transactions. Based on the above, it is now timely to review current sys tems, processes and structures which accounting and purchasing transactions operate under across the Division.The areas that would be reviewed include but are not limited to; internal process flows (including invoicing, ordering, approving and reconciling), the number of people with access to systems (both Concur and Finance One), the structure of the invoicing and procurement function (who does what), skills, and how systems are used and what they are used for (e. g. request for Curtin tax invoice, what are allonges used for, what type of transactions are going through credit cards / purchase request). 1. 3 Project Sponsor The Project Sponsor is Ken McCluskey 1. 4 Project Manager The Project Manager is Craig Medley. 1. 5 Project Team The Project team is comprised of Raymond Seah and Craig Medley 1. 6 Key StakeholdersThe key stakeholders (Humanities only) of this project include: Executive Dean Deans Review Panel 2 Project Scope 2. 1 Strategic Link This project specifically contribu tes towards to the following strategic objective(s):  §Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Excellence in operations  §Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Financial security 2. 2 Project Benefits The expected benefits and impacts of the project deliverables are: ? Improved definition and understanding of the role / scope of work of the Financial Service Office in Humanities, ? Roadmap and high level implementation plan for the agreed changes, ? Improved efficiencies and effectiveness of processes within Humanities through standardization and centralization where identified, Potential cost savings and risk reduction in procurement and credit cards processes / systems. 2. 3 Project Deliverables The project’s key deliverables are: Document / s covering: ? Matrix of processes and systems under Humanities Financial Services Office and respective Teaching Areas, ? Services identified for improvement via end to end processing / procurement arrangements / invoicing, ? Recommended proces s flow for identified services, ? List of service deliverables (with the resource requirement) of the Humanities Financial Services Office, ? Policies to support recommended services, ? High level implementation plan 2. 4 Out of Scope The following items are considered out of the scope: ? Implementation of recommendations Expenditure incurred whilst traveling (this may be included at a later date) 2. 5 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) The project tasks to produce the project deliverables are listed in the Gantt chart at Appendix B1. 2. 6 Constraints The following key project constraints were identified: ? Availability and willingness of staff to contribute ? Data quality 2. 7 Assumptions The following key assumptions influenced the development of this Project Management Plan: ? All staff will be available as required 3 Project Time Schedule 3. 1 Schedule The detailed project schedule is provided in the Gantt chart at Appendix B1 4 Project Costs 4. 1 Budget summary The budget breakdown is summarized as follows: Resource Type |Total Cost ($) |Hours | |Human resources |$30,000 | |Equipment and products | |Consumables | |Totals |$30,000 | |   |   |   |   | The Communication Plan examines the key contacts, frequency of communications, and communication medium to be deployed.It is used to ensure adequate consideration has been given to consultation and information dissemination. It is attached as Appendix D. 5 Project Accountabilities 5. 1 Project Organizational Chart The Project Organizational Chart provides a visual representation of the project team and project reporting structure. It is attached as Appendix B. 5. 2 Responsibility Assignment Matrix The Responsibility Assignment Matrix outlines responsibilities allocated to individuals for each task. It is attached as Appendix C. 5. 3 Project Sponsor The roles and responsibilities of the Project Sponsor include: Responsibility to senior management for the project;Endorsing this document to confirm that proj ect scope and deliverables are correct; Approving changes to scope, schedule, and quality; Reviewing progress and providing strategic direction; Resolving issues beyond the Project Manager’s authority; Providing the resources and sponsorship for the project; and Examining the project at completion2 and completing a Project Sign-off form. 5. 4 Project Manager The roles and responsibilities of the Project Manager include: Managing the day-to-day operations of the project to ensure the project deliverables are produced to scope, schedule, and quality; Monitoring and controlling the Project Management Plan;Providing status reports to the Project Sponsor; Leading the project teams to meet the project objectives; Undertaking the tasks assigned, as specified in the Responsibility Assignment Matrix (refer Appendix C); and Consulting with the Project Sponsor and key stakeholders to maintain communications and keep parties up to date on project progress. 6 Communications Plan 6. 1 Plan The Communication Plan examines the key contacts, frequency of communications, and communication medium to be deployed. It is used to ensure adequate consideration has been given to consultation and information dissemination. It is attached as Appendix B4. 7 Risk Management Plan 7. 1 Risk AssessmentThe Risk Management Plan, attached as Appendix B5, examines risks, rates those risks and identifies potential treatment strategies. 8 Project Control 8. 1 Progress Reporting The Project Management Plan will be controlled on a regular basis, by means of completing Project Status Report to the Project Sponsor on a fortnightly basis. The key elements are scope, schedule, and risk, with the control process comprising: †¢ Monitoring and measuring performance; †¢ Comparing performance to this plan; †¢ Reporting on deviations and issues; and †¢ Taking corrective action (where necessary). 8. 2 Change Management Any proposed changes to the scope or quality will be processed as follows: Proposed changes will be evaluated on the basis of their impact on the project process and outcome, and in light of reasonable alternatives; ? Proposed changes will be formally recorded on a Project Change Control report and submitted to the Project Sponsor; ? The Project Sponsor will review proposed changes, and either accept or reject them; and ? Accepted changes will be communicated to all concerned stakeholders, and project documentation will be amended accordingly. Appendices Appendix A1 Project Management Areas of Knowledge and Its Process ? Appendix B1 Task, Schedule & Gantt Chart Adapted from (PMI Standards & Duncan 1996, p. 7) Appendix B1 Timeline/ Gantt Chart Appendix B2 Project Organizational Chart Appendix B3 – Responsibility Assignment Matrix ID |WBS TASKS |Project |Team Member |Review Committee |Sponsor | | | |Manager | | | | | | |Craig |Raymond |Ken |   | |1 |Policy review |R |I |N |I | |2 |Purchase to Pay Stream |R |I |N, C |A | |2. 1 |Data analysi s |R |I |N, C |C | |2. 2 |Data modelling |R |I |N |N | |3 |Invoicing Stream |N, I |R |I, C |I, C | |3. |Invoice profiling |N, I |R |N |N | |3. 2 |Develop process documentation |N, I |R |N |N | |3. 3 |Present P2P and Invoice data |R |I |N |N | |4 |Interviews |R |I |I, C |C | |4. 1 |Define questions |R |R |C |I | |4. 2 |Agree on questions |R |I |C |A | |4. |Conduct interviews |R |R |I, C |N | |4. 4 |Collate information |R |I |N |N | |4. 5 |Develop activity lists / |R |R |I |N | | |matrices | | | | | |4. 6 |Develop process maps |R |R |N |N | |4. 7 |Review process maps with users|R |R |I |I | |4. |Present findings |R |I |N |C, I | |5 |Recommendations development |R |R |I |I, A | |5. 1 |Analyze prior findings |R |I |N |N, I | |5. 2 |Brainstorm options |R |I |I |I | |5. 3 |Develop recommendations |R |I |I |I | |5. 4 |Review recommendations |R |I |I |I | |5. 5 |Finalize ecommendations |R |I |A |A | |   | |LEGEND | |R – Responsible for executing activity A – Approval author ity | |I – Provides input C – Consulted | |N – Notified | APPENDIX B4 – Communication Plan Stakeholder |Information To Be Communicated|Frequency |Medium |Responsible |Timing | |Faculty/Area Administration staff affected by this review | |Review Panel |Request for feedback on the |Once before the |Meeting |Project Sponsor, |31st August | | |draft project plan and |project is | |Chair of panel & | | | |outlining next steps |officially kicked| |Project Manager | | | | |off | | | | |Executive Dean |Presentation of the draft |Once before the |Meeting |Project Sponsor and |Beginning of Sept 07 | | |project plan. The purpose of |project is | |Project manager | | | |the project; next stage on |officially | | | | | |from previous financial |kicked-off | | | | |services review project | | | | | | |looking at financial | | | | | | |transactional processes & | | | | | | |where these could be improved | | | | | | |& additional services that may| | | | | | |then res ide within the | | | | | | |division’s financial Services | | | | | | |office in the future. | | | | | |Representative from |Outline of Humanities |Prior to project |Meeting & Emails |Project Sponsor and |1st meeting end of August | |Price Waterhouse looking|Financial Services Review |kick-off | |Project Manager | | |at standardization of |project and the Project Team’s| | | | | |processes & systems |approach.Also to gain input | | | | | |across the organization |into the project depending on | | | | | | |some of the objectives that | | | | | | |Price Waterhouse have been | | | | | | |tasked with. | | | | | |Executive Dean and Deans|Kick-off Project, Project plan|At start of Presentation at HMB |Project Sponsor & |10th Sept | | |- main project objectives, |Project | |Project Manager | | | |communications plan, risks & | | | | | | |key areas being covered in the| | | | | | |project | | | | | |Project Sponsor |Project Status updates – |Fortnightly |Meeting |Projec t Manager |Starting 5th September | | |activities, key findings and | | | | | | |issues | | | | | |Financial Services |Introduce the new Associate |Once |Meeting |Project Sponsor, |Approx 3rd week in Sept | | |Director Transaction services | | |Project Team, & | | | |to the project and go through | | |Chair of Review | | | |project plan & request his | | |Committee | | | |involvement on the review | | | | | | |committee | | | | | |Review Committee |Introduction of the new |One of three |Committee meeting |Chair of Review |Towards end of September | | |Associate Director Transaction| | |Committee & Project | | | |services to the review | | |Manager | | | committee as a new member, | | | | | | |Also Summarization of | | | | | | |activities, findings at end of| | | | | | |Purchase to Pay Stream Phase | | | | | | |plus next steps | | | | | |Faculty/Area |General communication to staff|One of three |One on One meetings |Review Panel Members|Towards end of Sept | |Administration staff |in their area about the 1st | | | | | |affected by this review |phase i. e.P2P & Invoicing | | | | | | |quantitative analysis | | | | | |Review Committee |Summarization of activities, |Two of Three |Committee meeting |Project Manager |Towards end of October | | |findings at end of Invoice | | | | | | |Phase plus next steps | | | | | |Faculty/Area |General communication to staff|Two of Three |One on One meetings |Review Panel Members|Towards end of October | |Administration staff |in their area about the 2nd | | | | | |affected by this review |phase i. e. Interviews | | | | | |Review Committee |Review of draft |Three of Three |Committee meeting |Project Manager |Mid November | | |recommendations and gather | | | | | |feedback for inclusion in | | | | | | |final report | | | | | |Faculty/Area |General communication to staff|Two of Three |One on One meetings |Review Panel Members|Mid November | |Administration staff |in their area about the | | | | | |affected by this review |‘draf t’ recommendations | | | | | |Executive Dean and Deans|Project Outcomes and |Conclusion |Presentation at HMB |Project Sponsor and |Early December | | |Recommendations | | |Manager | | Appendix B5 Communication Plan Calendar *Note – Meeting dates with exception of HMB are indicative and subject to change Appendix B6 Risk Management Plan Legend for the Risk Management Plan Defining Likelihood Ratings The following table outlines the definition of likelihood rating as applied to the risk assessment. Descriptor |Definition | |Almost certain |Expected to occur in most circumstances | |Likely |Will probably occur in most circumstances | |Possible |Might occur at some time | |Unlikely |Could occur at some time | |Rare |May only occur in exceptional circumstances | Defining Consequence Ratings The following table outlines the definition of consequence rating as applied to the risk assessment. Consequence |Project Consequence | |Catastrophic |Unacceptable effect on project ob jectives | |Major |Major effects on project objectives, requiring significant effort to rectify. | |Moderate |Moderate effects on project objectives, requiring management effort to rectify | |Minor |Some difficulties experienced, but these are easily managed. | |Insignificant |No noticeable effect on project management objectives | Defining Risk Rankings The following table outlines the definition of risk categorizes, determined by combining the likelihood and consequence of a risk. RISK FACTOR |Insignificant |Minor |Moderate |Major |Catastrophic | |Almost |Low |High |High |Extreme |Extreme | |certain | | | | | | |Likely |Low |Moderate |High |Extreme |Extreme | |Possible |Low |Moderate |High |High |Extreme | |Unlikely |Low |Low |Moderate |High |High | |Rare |Low |Low |Low |Moderate |High |